Measure VoltageUse a multimeter across two points. Voltage is measured in parallel.
Measure CurrentCurrent is measured in series. Start with the correct meter range to avoid blowing a fuse.
Measure ResistancePower off the circuit before measuring resistance with a multimeter.
Measure CapacitanceDischarge capacitors safely, then use capacitance mode or an LCR meter.
Use an OscilloscopeView changing voltage over time: amplitude, frequency, noise, and waveform shape.
Use a Bench SupplySet voltage and current limits before powering a circuit.
Soldering BasicsHeat the joint, not just the solder. Clean tip, flux, and proper timing matter.
Breadboard FirstPrototype before soldering. Keep wires short and power rails organized.
Logic & DigitalUnderstand gates, binary, clocks, timing, and propagation delay.
PCB DesignMove from breadboard to KiCad schematics, footprints, routing, and fabrication.